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Internet Ancient History Sourcebook

Egypt

See Main Page for a guide to all contents of all sections.

• General
  • Maps
  • Chronologies
  • Modern Egyptology
• The Old Kingdom (2705-2213 BCE) [Dynasties 3-8]
• The Middle Kingdom (1991-1668 BCE) [Dynasties 12-13]
• The New Kingdom (1570-1070 BCE) [Dynasties 18-20]
• Akhnaten [Amenhotep IV](r. 1363-1347 BCE)
• Post Imperial Egypt (1070-332 BCE) [Dynasties 21-31]
• Religion
  • Origin Myths
  • The Memphite Theology
  • Gods and Goddesses
  • Isis and Osiris
  • Death and Resurrection
• Art and Architecture
• Literature
• Music
• Everyday Life
• Mathematics
• Gender and Sexuality
• Nubia
• Libya and Western North Africa
• Modern Perspectives on Egypt
  • Black Athena Debate

• WEB Abzu: Guide to Resources for the Study of the Ancient Near East Available on the Internet
• WEB Egyptology Resources [Cambridge]
• WEB Digital Egypt for Universities [At UCL]
• WEB The Global Egyptian Musuem
  At a rough estimate, over 2 million objects from ancient Egypt are kept in about 850 public collections, dispersed over 69 countries around the world. This website aims to collect them into a global virtual museum, which can be visited at any time, from any place. The Global Egyptian Museum is a long-term project, carried out under the aegis of the International Committee for Egyptology (CIPEG).
• WEB Neferchichi [Internet Archive backup here]
  Images of divinities, clip art, fonts and much more.
• WEB Ancient Egyptian Texts [Was Nefertiti, now Internet Archive]
  A now defunct site, but with access to a wide variety primary sources still available through this Internet Archive backup]
• WEB Sacred Texts: Ancient Egypt [Internet Archive backup here]
• Maps
  • WEB Egypt Maps [Was At Mankato, now Internet Archive]
  • Wikimedia: Maps of Egypt
• Chronologies
  There are competing "high, middle, and low" chronologies for Egyptian history of the earlier periods. See under Mesopotamia above for some links on these issues.
  • Chronology of Egyptian History [At Charleston] [Internet Archive version here]
    This is the chronology used here.
  • Wikipedia: Egyptian Chronology and List of Pharoahs
• Modern Egyptology
  • The Rosetta Stone: Translation of the Greek Section.
  • 2ND Jean François Champollion [Was At KMT, now Internet Archive]
• Manetho: The Fragments of Manetho. Loeb Classical Library, 1940. full text [At Demonax [Internet Archive version here]

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The Old Kingdom (2705-2213 BCE) [Dynasties 3-8]

• The Palette of Narmar 3200BC [Was At Then Again, now Internet Archive] [See also Wikipedia: Narmer Pallette]
• The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep, 6th Dynasty [This Site]
• The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep, 6th Dynasty [At UCL] [Internet Archive version here]
• Hymn to the Nile, (c. 2100 BCE) [This Site]
• Instruction in Letter-writing [Was At iwebland, now Internet Archive]
• Tales of Ancient Egypt: The Shipwrecked Sailor, c. 2200 BCE [At this Site]
• WEB The Pyramids [PBS Website]
• WEB Pyramid Construction [At TourEgypt] [Internet Archive version here]
  Discusses and illustrates various possible methods.
• WEB Step Pyramid of Doser c.2800 BCE [At UPenn][Clickable Image] [Internet Archive version here]

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The New Kingdom (1570-1070 BCE) [Dynasties 18-20]

• Birth of Hatshepsut 18th Dynasty [Was At Creighton, now Internet Archive]
• The Battle of Meggido, Egyptian Account, 15th Century BCE [At this Site]
• The Peace Treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III [Was Nefertiti, now Internet Archive]
• Pen-ta-ur: The Victory of Ramses II Over the Khita, 1326 BCE [At this Site]
• The Battle of Kadesh, Egyptian Account, c. 1294 BCE [At this Site]
• Stele of Merneptah [At Internet Archive, from ANET]
  This Egyptian stele is the first mention of "Israel" in any historical sources.
• Princess Ahura: The Magic Book, c. 1100 BCE [At this Site]
  On the brother-sister marriage of the two children of the King Merneptah.
• The Abbott Papyrus: An investigation into tomb robberies held under Ramses IX [Was Nefertiti, now Internet Archive]
• WEB Valley of the Kings [At PLU] [Internet Archive backup here]
  The royal cemetery of Egypt's New Kingdom.
• 2ND Sayed Z. El-Sayed: Hatshepsut's Mission to Punt [Was At TAMU, now Internet Archive]
• Wikipedia: Invasion of Sea Peoples c.1200 BCE
• 2ND David Kaniewski,   The Sea Peoples, from Cuneiform Tablets to Carbon Dating (2011) [Plos One]

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Akhnaten [Amenhotep IV] (r. 1363-1347 BCE)

• Akhnaten (r. 1363-1347 BCE): Hymn to Aten [Was At Creighton, Now Internet Archive]
• Akhnaten (r. 1363-1347 BCE): Hymn to Aten [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
• Letter of Pabi, Prince of Lachish, to Akhnaton, King of Kemet (i.e. Egypt), circa 1350 BCE.  [At this Site]
• The Restoration Stele of Tutankahmen, c. 1330 BCE [Was Nefertiti, now Internet Archive]
• WEB Akhet-Aten Home Page [Internet Archive backup here]
  A modern account, with extensive illustrations.

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• The Adoption stela of Nitocris, daughter of Psamtik I [Was Nefertiti, now Internet Archive]
• Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Egypt after the Persian Invasion, Book 2 of The Histories [Perseus Project]
• Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Egypt after the Persian Invasion, Book 2 of The Histories [At Lacus Curtius]
• WEB The Rosetta Stone [At the British Library]
• WEB The Rosetta Stone: Translation [At Sacred Texts] [Internet Archive version here]

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• WEB Egyptian Religion [Was at Mankaton, now Internet Archive]
• 2ND Two Approaches to an Egyptian Pantheon [Was At UNT, now Internet Archive]
• Origin Myths
  • Creation by Atum [At Internet Archive, from Creighton]
  • Atum: A Bisexual God [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • The High God in the Age of the Coffin Texts [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • Egyptian Creation Story [Harmonized Version][Was At Theology, now Internet Archive]
  • Hathor's Rage and the Destruction of Mankind [Was At Theology, now Internet Archive]
  • The Book of Overthrowing Apophis: Egyptian Cosmogony and Theogony [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
• The Memphite Theology
  • The Memphite Theology [At Internet Archive, from Creighton]
    Ptah as creator god.
• Isis and Osiris
  • Isis Receives the True and Hidden Name of Re [At Internet Archive, from an AOL-Wiccan Site]
  • The Osirian Cycle [Was At Theology, now Internet Archive]
  • Debate Between Osiris and the High God Book of the Dead 176 [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • A Spell for the Revival of Osiris Coffin Texts 74 [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • Contention of Horus and Seth [Was At Theology, now Internet Archive]
• Death and Resurrection
  • The Dead Pharaoh Ascends to Heaven from Pyramid Texts (Ca. 2425-2300 B.C.) [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
    Among the oldest Egyptian religious texts. At this stage survival is for the pharoah.
  • The Dead Pharaoh Becomes Osiris  from Pyramid Texts [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • Osiris - the Prototype of Every Soul Who Hopes to Conquer Death Coffin Texts, I, 197 [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
    The Coffin Texts from the interior of coffins, belong to the Middle Kingdom (2250-1580 BCE) and indicate 'democratization' of the ancient funerary ritual - each soul now hoped to achieve a ritual assimilation to the god. [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • Man's Soul Identified with Osiris and Nature Coffin Texts 330 [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • Survival as Ba, Survival in the Tomb are Complementary  [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • The Egyptian Land of Silence and Darkness  [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • The Book of Ani, or the Egyptian Book of the Dead [At Upenn][Full text in E. Wallis Budge's translation.] [Internet Archive version here]
  • Hymn to Ra, from the Book of Ani, [At this Site]
  • Judgement of the Dead Book of the Dead, Chapter 25 [Was At WSU, now Internet Archive]
  • The Egyptian Negative Confession Book of the Dead, Chapter 125 [Was At Eliade, now Internet Archive]
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Herodotus: Description of Mummification, from The Histories [At this Site]
    With link to a CT scan of a mummy.
  • WEB Death in Ancient Egypt [At ABZU] [Internet Archive version here]
    Includes an illustrated guide to various topics, including Ba and Ka.

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• WEB Art History Resources: Egypt
• WEB Mark Millmore's Ancient Egypt [Was At eyelid.co.uk, now Internet Archive]
  Spectacular images of pyramids and temples.
• WEB The Global Egyptian Musuem
  At a rough estimate, over 2 million objects from ancient Egypt are kept in about 850 public collections, dispersed over 69 countries around the world. This website aims to collect them into a global virtual museum, which can be visited at any time, from any place. The Global Egyptian Museum is a long-term project, carried out under the aegis of the International Committee for Egyptology (CIPEG).

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• Egyptian Love Poetry, c. 2000-1100 BCE [At this Site]
• Coffin Text: The Tale of Horus and the Pig, c. 1900 BCE [At this Site]
• The Tale of The Eloquent Peasant, c. 1800 BCE [At this Site]
• The Story of Sinuhe [Tripod] [Internet Archive backup here]
• The Tale of Sinuhe [Was Nefertiti, now Internet Archive]
• Tale of Two Brothers C 1185 (19th Dynasty) [At Per Ankh] [Internet Archive version here]
• Love Songs of ChesterBeatty Papyrus I [At Egyptology.com] [Internet Archive version here]
  A homosexual love poem?

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• WEB Egyptian Music [La musica nell'antico Egitto] [Internet Archive backup here]
  The site is in Italian. The Instruments Page and the Papyrus Illustrations Page are especially interesting.
• YouTube: Ankh: The Sound of Ancient Egypt - Michael Atherton [1998] [YouTube][Note YouTube videos are often removed. Just search for the title at YouTube if this link goes bad.]
  There is much information on what ancient instruments looked like, but any reconstruction of the sound is extremely tentative.

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• 2ND Hieroglyphic Writing [Was At eyelid.co.uk, now Internet Archive]
• 2ND Plumbing in Egypt [At theplumber.com] [Internet Archive version here]
• 2ND Carol Meyer: Bir Umm Fawakhir: Insights into Ancient Egyptian Mining JOM 9:3 (1997), 64-68. [At JOM] [Internet Archive version here]
  Mining in 5-6th Century CE Egypt.
• WEB Egyptian Medicine [At Internet Archive]
  Some short texts and illustrations

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• 2ND Egyptian Mathematiics [Was At eyelid.co.uk, now Internet Archive]
• 2ND Egyptian Mathematics [At Buffalo] [Internet Archive version here]
  With translations of problems.
• WEB Egyptian Fractions [At UCI] [Internet Archive version here]
  A website which discusses Egyptian fractions, and which has links to other sites on Egyptian mathematics.

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• For Women: see WEB Diotima: Ward Texts [All now via Internet Acrhive]
  • Will of Prince Nikaure, son of King Khafre (ca. 2600 B.C.)
  • The Wills of Two Brothers and the Inheritance of One Brother's Wife (ca. 1900 B.C.)
  • Dispute over Property between a Mother and Daughter
  • Marriage Agreement between a Bridegroom and his Father-in-law
  • A Wife Wins a Dispute over Her Inheritance
  • A Woman Charges her Husband with Wife Abuse
  • A Father's Promise to his Daughter in Case of Divorce
  • A Woman Asks an Oracle to Settle a dispute over land
  • The Will of Amonkhau in Favor of His Second Wife (ca. 1100 B.C.)
  • A Daughter's Double Inheritance of Family Property (13th c. B.C.)
• Coptic Texts: The Thunder: Perfect Mind, Translated by Anne McGuire
• Status of Women in Egyptian Society, by Peter Piccione [At Internet Archive, from NWU]
• Princess Ahura: The Magic Book, c. 1100 BCE [At this Site]
  On the brother-sister marriage of the two children of the King Merneptah.
• The Offering of Uha, c. 2400 BCE [At this Site]
  Male and Female Circumcision in Egypt.
• For Gender variants: See WEB People With a History: Near East and Egypt
  • Contention of Horus and Seth [Was At Theology, now Internet Archive]
    Ends with Seth penetrating Horus.

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• Accounts of Meröe, Kush, and Axum, c. 430 BCE - 550 CE [At this Site]
  From Herodotus, Strabo, Dio Cassius, the King of Axum, and and Procopius of Caesarea.
• WEB Nubia [At OI-Chicago]

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• Accounts of Ancient Mauretania, c. 430 BCE- 550 CE   [At this Site]
  From Herodotus, Strabo, and Procopius of Caesarea
• Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On Libya, from The Histories, c. 430 BCE [At this Site]

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• Black Athena Debate [Modern Accounts]
  • The Black Athena Dispute [At Reed College] [Internet Archive version here]
    With links to source material.
  • 2ND Ancient Hellenes in America? [At Internet Archive, from ancientgr.com]
    A sort of "White Athena", useful for showing the type of argument which concentrates on minor details and ignores the wider picture.
  • 2ND Ann Macy Roth: Building Bridges to Afrocentrism [At UPenn] [Internet Archive version here]
  • 2ND Bernal on Lefkowitz and Lefkowitz on Bernal on Lefkowitz Debate in 1996. [At BMCR]
  • 2ND A Conspiracy Theory [At Melanet, now Internet Archive]
  • Wikipedia: Black Athena
  • WEB Naukratis: Greeks in Egypt [British Museum website - now archived at National Archives]
    The Greek-Egyptian town of Naukratis in the Nile Delta was a major centre of cross-cultural contact in the ancient world from the 7th century BC to the 7th century AD.

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NOTES:

The Internet Ancient History Sourcebook is part of the Internet History Sourcebooks Project. The date of inception was 4/8/1998. Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some indication of the site name or location]. WEB indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview.

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The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of  Fordham University, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University.  Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action.

© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall, created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 12 June 2023 [CV]