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Internet Ancient History Sourcebook:

Egypt

See Main Page for a guide to all contents of all sections.

• General
  • Maps
  • Chronologies
  • Modern Egyptology
• The Old Kingdom (2705-2213 BCE) [Dynasties 3-8]
• The Middle Kingdom (1991-1668 BCE) [Dynasties 12-13]
• The New Kingdom (1570-1070 BCE) [Dynasties 18-20]
• Akhnaten [Amenhotep IV](r. 1363-1347 BCE)
• Post Imperial Egypt (1070-332 BCE) [Dynasties 21-31]
• Religion
  • Origin Myths
  • The Memphite Theology
  • Gods and Goddesses
  • Isis and Osiris
  • Death and Resurrection
• Art and Architecture
• Literature
• Music
• Everyday Life
• Mathematics
• Gender and Sexuality
• Nubia
• Libya and Western North Africa
• Modern Perspectives on Egypt
  • Black Athena Debate

• MEGA Abzu: Guide to Resources for the Study of the Ancient Near East Available on the Internet [Website]
• MEGA Egyptology Resources [Website-Cambridge]
• WEB History of Ancient Egypt Page [At Charleston]
• WEB Neferchichi's ClipArt [Website]
  Images of divinities, and much more.
• Maps
  • WEB Egypt Maps [At Mankato]
  • Nile Delta from Space [At NASA]
• Chronologies
  There are myriad competing "high, middle, and low" chronologies for Egyptian history. See under Mesopotamia above for some links on these issues.
  • Chronology of Egyptian History [At NWU]
    This is the chronology used here.
  • Timeline of Egyptian History [At CMNH]
  • List of Egyptian Dynasties [At Ukonline]
    Includes names for each ruler.
• Modern Egyptology
  • The Rosetta Stone: Translation of the Greek Section.
  • 2ND Jean François Champollion [At KMT][Modern Account]

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The Old Kingdom (2705-2213 BCE) [Dynasties 3-8]

• The Palette of Narmar 3200BC [At Then Again]
• The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep, 6th Dynasty [This Site]
• The Instruction of Ptah Hotep 6th Dynasty (2300-2150 BCE)[in Egyptian][on AOL]
  Contains Middle Kingdom copies of an Old Kingdom text.
• Hymn to the Nile, (c. 2100 BCE) [This Site]
• Instruction on Writing [At iwebland]
• Tales of Ancient Egypt: The Shipwrecked Sailor, c. 2200 BCE [At this Site]
• WEB The Pyramids [PBS Website]
• The Pyramids [At pharos.bu.edu]
  
• WEB Pyramid Construction [At TourEgypt]
  Discusses and illustrates various possible methods.
• WEB Step Pyramid of Doser c.2800 BCE [At UPenn][Clickable Image]

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The New Kingdom (1570-1070 BCE) [Dynasties 18-20]

• Birth of Hatshepsut 18th Dynasty [At Internet Archive, fromCreighton]
• The Battle of Meggido, Egyptian Account, c. 1469 BCE [At Hillsdale]
• Pen-ta-ur: The Victory of Ramses II Over the Khita, 1326 BCE [At this Site]
• The Battle of Kadesh, Egyptian Account, c. 1294 BCE [At Hillsdale]
• Invasion of Sea Peoples c.1200 BCE
• Princess Ahura: The Magic Book, c. 1100 BCE [At this Site]
  On the brother-sister marriage of the two children of the King Merneptah.
• WEB Valley of the Kings [At PLU]
  The royal cemetery of Egypt's New Kingdom.
• 2ND Sayed Z. El-SayedL Hatshepsut's Mission to Punt [At TAMU]

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Akhnaten [Amenhotep IV](r. 1363-1347 BCE)

• Akhnaten (r. 1363-1347 BCE): Hymn to Aten [At Internet Archive, from Creighton]
• Akhnaten (r. 1363-1347 BCE): Hymn to Aten [At Eliade]
• Letter of Pabi, Prince of Lachish, to Akhnaton, King of Kemet (i.e. Egypt), circa 1350 BCE.  [At this Site]
• WEB Akhet-Aten Home Page [Website]
  A modern account, with extensive illustrations.

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• Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Egypt after the Persian Invasion, Book 2 of The Histories, [At Tufts]
• WEBThe Rosetta Stone [At the British Library]
• WEB The Rosetta Stone: Translation [At British Library]

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• WEB Egyptian Religion [Website-At Internet Archive, from Mankato]
• 2ND Two Approaches to an Egyptian Pantheon [At Internet Archive, from UNT]
• Origin Myths
  • Creation by Atum [At Internet Archive, from Creighton]
  • Atum: A Bisexual God [At Enteract.com]
  • The High God in the Age of the Coffin Texts [At Eliade Site]
  • Egyptian Creation Story [Harmonized Version][At Theology WebSite]
  • Hathor's Rage and the Destruction of Mankind [At Theology WebSite]
  • The Book of Overthrowing Apophis: Egyptian Cosmogony and Theogony [At Eliade Site]
• The Memphite Theology
  • The Memphite Theology [At Internet Archive, from Creighton]
    Ptah as creator god.
• Isis and Osiris
  • Isis Receives the True and Hidden Name of Re [At Internet Archive, from an AOL-Wiccan Site]
  • The Osirian Cycle [At Theology WebSite]
  • Debate Between Osiris and the High God Book of the Dead 176 [At Eliade Site]
  • A Spell for the Revival of Osiris Coffin Texts 74 [At Eliade Site]
  • Contention of Horus and Seth [At Theology WebSite]
• Death and Resurrection
  • The Dead Pharaoh Ascends to Heaven from Pyramid Texts (Ca. 2425-2300 B.C.) [At Eliade Site]
    Among the oldest Egyptian religious texts. At this stage survival is for the pharoah.
  • The Dead Pharaoh Becomes Osiris   from Pyramid Texts [At Eliade Site]
  • Osiris - the Prototype of Every Soul Who Hopes to Conquer Death Coffin Texts, I, 197 [At Eliade Site]
    The Coffin Texts from the interior of coffins, belong to the Middle Kingdom (2250-1580 BCE) and indicate 'democratization' of the ancient funerary ritual - each soul now hoped to achieve a ritual assimilation to the god. [At Eliade Site]
  • Man's Soul Identified with Osiris and Nature Coffin Texts 330 [At Eliade Site]
  • Survival as Ba, Survival in the Tomb are Complementary  [At Eliade Site]
  • The Egyptian Land of Silence and Darkness  [At Eliade Site]
  • The Book of Ani, or the Egyptian Book of the Dead [At Upenn][Full text in E. Wallis Budge's translation.]
  • Hymn to Ra, from the Book of Ani, [At this Site]
  • Judgement of the Dead Book of the Dead, Chapter 25 [At WSU]
  • The Egyptian Negative Confession Book of the Dead, Chapter 125 [At Eliade Site]
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Herodotus: Description of Mummification, from The Histories [At this Site]
    With link to a CT scan of a mummy.
  • WEB Walk Like an Egyptian [Website-AOL]
    An odd site in some respects, but has useful summaries of topics usch as Ma'at, Ba and Ka.
  • WEB Death in Ancient Egypt [At ABZU]
    Includes an illustrated guide to various topics, including Ba and Ka.

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• WEB Mark Millmore's Ancient Egypt [At eyelid.co.uk]
  Spectacular images of pyramids and temples.
• WEB Museo Gregoriano Egiziano [At Christusrex]
  Images from the Vatican's Egyptian Museum.
• WEB Egypt Image Index [At EAWC]

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• Egyptian Love Poetry, c. 2000 - 1100 BCE [At this Site]
• Coffin Text: The Tale of Horus and the Pig, c. 1900 BCE [At this Site]
• The Tale of The Eloquent Peasant, c. 1800 BCE [At this Site]
• Tale of Two Brothers [At Perankh]
• Love Songs of ChesterBeatty Papyrus I [At Egyptology.com]
  A homosexual love poem?

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• WEB Egyptian Music [La musica nell'antico Egitto][Website]
  The site is in Italian. The Instruments Page and the Papyrus Illustrations Page are especially interesting.

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• 2ND Hieroglyphic Writing [At eyelid.co.uk]
• 2ND Plumbing in Egypt [At theplumber.com]
• 2ND Carol Meyer: Bir Umm Fawakhir: Insights into Ancient Egyptian Mining JOM 9:3 (1997), 64-68. [At JOM]
  Mining in 5-6th Century CE Egypt.
• WEB Life in Ancient Egypt [Website]
  At the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Modern text with ample illustrations on everyday life and religious beliefs and practices.
• WEB Everyday Life in Egypt [Website-MNSU]
  Includes short texts.
• WEB Egyptian Medicine [Internet Archive]
  Some short texts and illustrations

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• 2ND Egyptian Mathematics [At eyelid.co.uk]
• 2ND Egyptian Mathematics [At Buffalo]
  With translations of problems.
• WEB Egyptian Fractions [At UCI][Website]
  A website which discusses Egyptian fractions, and which has links to other sites on Egyptian mathematics.

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• For Women: see WEB Diotima
  • Status of Women in Egyptian Society, by Peter Piccione [At Internet Archive, from NWU]
  • Princess Ahura: The Magic Book, c. 1100 BCE [At this Site]
    On the brother-sister marriage of the two children of the King Merneptah.
  • The Offering of Uha, c. 2400 BCE [At this Site]
    Male and Female Circumcision in Egypt.
• For Gender variants: See WEB People With a History: Near East and Egypt
  • Contention of Horus and Seth [At Theology WebSite]
    Ends with Seth penetrating Horus.

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• Accounts of Meröe, Kush, and Axum, c. 430 BCE - 550 CE [At this Site]
  From Herodotus, Strabo, Dio Cassius, the King of Axum, and and Procopius of Caesarea.
• WEB Nubia [At OI-Chicago]
• WEB Vanished Kingdoms of the Nile: The Rediscovery of Ancient Nubia  [At OI-Chicago]

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• Accounts of Ancient Mauretania, c. 430 BCE- 550 CE   [At this Site]
  From Herodotus, Strabo, and Procopius of Caesarea
• Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On Libya, from The Histories, c. 430 BCE [At this Site]

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• Black Athena Debate [Modern Accounts]
  • The Black Athena Dispute [At Reed College]
    With links to source material.
  • 2ND Ancient Hellenes in America? [At Internet Archive, from ancientgr.com]
    A sort of "White Athena", useful for showing the type of argument which concentrates on minor details and ignores the wider picture.
  • 2ND Ann Macy Roth: Building Bridges to Afrocentrism [At UPenn]
  • 2ND Bernal on Lefkowitz and Lefkowitz on Bernal on Lefkowitz [At U. Penn]
  • 2ND A Conspiracy Theory [At Melanet]

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NOTES:

Dates of accession of material added since July 1998 can be seen in the New Additions page..

The date of inception was 4/8/1998.

Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some indication of the site name or location].

Locally available texts are marked by [At this Site].

WEB indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview.

The Internet Ancient History Sourcebook is part of the Internet History Sourcebooks Project

The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of  Fordham University, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University.  Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action.

© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 12 April 2019 [Curriculum vitae]