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Internet Ancient History Sourcebook

Greece

 

See Main Page for a guide to all contents of all sections.

Contents

General

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Greece: Major Historians: Complete Texts

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Crete

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Mycenae

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Archaic Greece
  • 2ND John Porter: The Archaic Age and the Rise of the Polis [Was At Saskatchewan, now Internet Archive]
  • Homer (c.8th Cent. BCE)
    • WEB The Chicago Homer [Northwestern University]
      A multilingual database that uses the search and display capabilities of electronic texts to make the distinctive features of Early Greek epic accessible to readers with and without Greek. Except for fragments, it contains all the texts of these poems in the original Greek. In addition, the Chicago Homer includes English and German translations, in particular Lattimore's Iliad, James Huddleston's Odyssey, Daryl Hine's translations of Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns, and the German translations of the Iliad and Odyssey by Johan Heinrich Voss. 
    • The Iliad trans. into prose by Samuel Butler [At this Site, formerly ERIS][Full Text]
    • The Iliad trans. into prose Samuel Bulter [At MIT][Full Text]
    • The Iliad trans. Alexander Pope [Project Gutenberg]
    • The Iliad trans. Andrew Lang [Project Gutenberg]
    • The Iliad trans. William Cowper [Project Gutenberg]
    • The Iliad trans. Edward, Earl of Derby [Project Gutenberg]
    • The Iliads trans. George Chapman [Project Gutenberg] [This is the version that inspired John Keats: On First Looking into Chapman's Homer. Keats found the the standard translation by Alexander Pope uninspiring.]
    • The Iliad trans. Theodore Buckley [Project Gutenberg]
    • The Iliad in Ancient Greek [Project Gutenberg]
    • The Iliad, trans. Ian Johnston [Internet Archive version here]
    • The Iliad, abridged trans. Ian Johnston [Internet Archive version here]
    • The Iliad trans. Robert Fagles [Internet Archive borrow facility][Recommended]
      • See 2ND Study Guide [Was At Brooklyn College, now Internet Archive]
      • Thersites
      • Achilles and Hector
    • The Odyssey trans. Samuel Butler [At this Site, formerly ERIS][Full Text]
    • The Odyssey trans. Samuel Butcher and A. Lang [At this Site]
    • The Odyssey trans. Samuel Butcher and A. Lang [At Bartleby][Full Text]
    • The Odyssey trans. Samuel Butler [At MIT][Full Text]
    • The Odyssey trans. Samuel Butcher and A. Lang [Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
    • The Odyssey trans. Samuel Butler [Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
    • The Odyssey trans. William Cowper [Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
    • The Odyssey trans. Alexander Pope [Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
    • The Odyssey in Latin [Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
    • The Odyssey A in Ancient Greek [Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
    • The Odyssey, trans. Ian Johnston [Internet Archive version here]
    • The Odyssey, abridged trans. Ian Johnston [Internet Archive version here]
    • The Odyssey trans. Robert Fagles [Internet Archive borrow facility][This Recommended or recent translation by Emily Wilson]
    • Homeric Fragments [At OMACL]
    • Homeric Hymns [At OMACL]
  • Hesiod (c.700 BCE)
  • Later Historians
  • Greek Colonization
  • The Dipylon Inscription 740BCE [Biblitheca Augustana]. See also Wikipedia: The Dipylon Inscription
    The oldest (or one of the oldest) examples of use the Greek Alphabet as adapted from the Phoenician alphabet.

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The Persian Wars (499-479 BCE)

  • Aeschylus (525-456 BCE): The Persians 472 BCE [annotated HTML] [At Calgary] [Internet Archive version here]
  • Aeschylus (525-456 BCE): The Persians 472 BCE [Waa At Saskatchewan, now Internet Archive]
    Aeschylus plays are the earliest accounts we have of the Persian wars.
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): The Histories 440BCE [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter length files][ Book VII on the Persian War]
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Selections on the Persian Wars trans. Lewis Stiles [Was At Saskatchewan, now Internet Archive]
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): The Carthaginian Attack on Sicily, 480 BCE [At this Site]
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Xerxes Invades Greece from The Histories. [At this Site]
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Xerxes at the Hellespont [Was At WSU, now Internet Archive]
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): The Battle of Marathon from The Histories [Was At Then Again, now[Internet Archive]
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): The Battle of Thermopylae 480BCE from The Histories [Was At Then Again, now[Internet Archive]
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Artemisia at Salamis, 480 BCE [At this Site]
    Artemesia was ruler of Halicarnassus, and took part in the Persian attack on Athens.
  • Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Croesus and Solon from The Histories. [At this Site]
  • Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Themistocles (c.528-c.462 BCE) [At MIT]
  • 2ND 11th Britannica: Themistocles [At this Site]

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The Rise of the Polis

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The Age of Tyranny

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Athenian Democracy

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Sparta

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The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) and After

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The Fourth Century: Competing Hegemonies
  • Xenophon (c.428-c.354 BCE): The Battle of Leuctra, (371 BCE) from the Hellenica [At this Site]
    Account of the defeat of Sparta by Theban forces and the ending of the Spartan supremacy..
  • Cornelius Nepos (c.99-c.24 BCE): From Life of Epaminondas (d.362 BCE)(written c. 30 BCE) [This Site]
  • Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Pelopidas (c.410- 362 BCE)[At MIT]
  • Xenophon (c.428-c.354 BCE): Anabasis, or March Up Country or Persia Expedition, full text [At this Site]
    The story of a Greek army of mercenaries and their march into the Persian Empire.

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Philip II of Macedon (r. 339-336 BCE)

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Religion and Myth

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Philosophy

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Literature
  • WEB Theoi Classical Texts Library [Internet Archive backup here]
    A collection of translations of works of ancient Greek and Roman literature. The theme of the library is classical mythology and so the selection consists primarily of ancient poetry, drama and prose accounts of myth. Also has an impressive gallery of illustrations of these these themes.
  • For Homer and Hesiod see above under Archaic Greece subsection
  • Selections from Greek Lyric Poets [Was At Saskatachewan, now Internet Archive]
    Archilochus (1st half 7th Cent BCE), Alcaeus (Late 7th/early 6th Cent BCE), Mimnermus (Late 7th/Early 6th Cent BCE), Ibycus (2nd half 6th Cent BCE), Anacreon (2nd half 6th Cent BCE), and Xenophanes (c.570-c.478BCE)
  • Archilochus (1st half 7th Cent BCE): Selection [Was At Saskatachewan, now Internet Archive]
  • Sappho (c.580 BCE): Poems [Was At Sappho.com, now Internet Archive]
  • Sappho (c.580 BCE): Poems [At UH] [Internet Archive version here]
  • Sappho (c.580 BCE): Poems [At Poetry Foundation]
  • Theognis (6th Cent. BCE): Selections [Was At Saskatachewan, now Internet Archive]
  • Aesop (d. 564 BCE): Fables [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
  • Aesop (6th Century BCE): Fables [At this Site]
  • Aesop (6th Century BCE): Fables illustrated by Arthur Rackham [Project Gutenberg]
  • WEB Aesop (6th Century BCE): Fables
  • Pindar (518-438 BCE): Extant Odes [Project Gutenberg]
  • Pindar (518-438 BCE): Extant Odes [Poetry Archive]

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Literature: Theatre

All the major Greek plays are online, as well as substantial amount of criticism and theorizing.

  • Theatre Practice
  • Drama Theory
    • Documents on The Hellenic Drama, c. 560 - 330 BCE [At this Site]
      The historical origins, from Plutarch, Demosthenes, and Aristotle.
    • Plato (427-347 BCE): Ion [At MIT]
    • Plato (427-347 BCE): The Republic [At MIT]
      Books II and III contain Plato's attack on poetry and call for censorship.
    • 2ND Literary Criticism of Plato [At Literariness] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Poetics, excerpts, [At this Site]
    • Aristotle (384-323 BCE): Poetics [At this Site, formerly ERIS][Full Text]
    • Aristotle (384-323 BCE): Poetics [At Mit][Full Text][Chapter length files]
      See 2ND Study Guide [Was At Brooklyn College, now Internet Archive]
  • Aeschylus (525-456 BCE)
    The earliest of the three great Greek tragic dramatists (the others are Sophocles and Euripides). He introduced the second actor into the play. He is thought to have written 80-90 plays, of which 7 survive.
  • Sophocles (496-405/6 BCE)
    The second of the great tragic poets. He wrote over 100 plays, but only seven complete ones survive. The dates here are likely but not certain.
  • Euripides (c.485-406 BCE)
    A younger contemporary of Sophocles, and third of the great tragic playwrights. He introduced deus ex machina as a plot device. Of the 92 plays ascribed to him, 19 survive
    • WEB MIT Classics Archive: Euripides
    • 2ND 11th Britannica: Euripides [At this Site]
    • Alcestis translated by C. A. E. Luschnig [At Diotima]
    • Andromache
    • Bacchae [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • The Bacchae [At this Site, formerly ERIS] won trilogy competition, posthumously, in c.405 BCE
      See 2ND Study Guide [At Brooklyn College]
    • The Cyclops
    • Electra [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Hecuba
    • Helen, a modern actable translation by Andrew Wilson [At Classics Pages] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Herakles (Hercules Furens) [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Herakleidae (Children of Herakles) [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Hippolytus [At this Site, formerly ERIS] won trilogy competition in 428 BCE.
    • Hippolytus [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Ion translated by C. A. E. Luschnig [At Diotima]
    • Iphigenia at Aulis won trilogy competition, posthumously, in c.405 BCE
    • Iphigenia In Tauris
    • Medea, translated by C. A. E. Luschnig [At Diotima] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Medea [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
      See 2ND Study Guide [Was At Brooklyn College, now Internet Archive]
    • Orestes [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Orestes a modern actable translation by Andrew Wilson [At Classics Pages]
    • The Phoenissae a modern actable translation by Andrew Wilson [At Classics Pages]
    • Rhesus
    • The Suppliants
    • Trojan Women translated by C. A. E. Luschnig [At Diotima]
    • Women of Troy [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
  • Aristophanes (c.445-c.385 BCE)
    The greatest comic playwrights, he wrote in the rough style later known as   "old comedy". He wrote 54(?) comedies, but only 11 survived.
    See 2ND Old Comedy Study Guide [Was At Brooklyn College, now Internet Archive]
    • WEB MIT Classics Archive: Aristophanes
    • The Acharnians 425 BCE  [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
    • Acharnians [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • The Birds 414 BCE [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
      Birds [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • The Clouds 423 BCE   [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
      Pokes fun at Socrates.
      See 2ND Study Guide [Was At Brooklyn College, now Internet Archive]
    • Clouds [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • The Ecclesiazusae (Women in Politics)  [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
    • The Frogs 405 BCE   [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
    • Frogs [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • The Knights 424BCE   [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
    • Knights [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Lysistrata 411 BCE   [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
      About a sex strike.
      See 2ND Study Guide [Was At Brooklyn College, now Internet Archive]
    • Lysistrata [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Peace 421 BCE  [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
    • Peace [At Johnston Texts] [Internet Archive version here]
    • Plutus 382 BCE (his last play)  [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
    • The Thesmophorizusae 411BCE  [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
    • The Wasps 422 BCE   [Was At Eserver, now Internet Archive]
  • Menander (342/1-293/89 BCE)

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Art

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Music

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Education

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Economic Life

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Slavery

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Greek Law

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Everyday Life

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Gender and Sexuality

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Modern Perspectives on Ancient Greece

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NOTES:

The Internet Ancient History Sourcebook is part of the Internet History Sourcebooks Project. The date of inception was 4/8/1998. Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some indication of the site name or location]. WEB indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview.

The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of  Fordham University, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University.  Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action.

© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall, created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 5 June 2023 [CV]